An anonymous author in the 44th issue of the Csíki Lapok in 1898 again raised the need for a county museum. He complained that "no one has lifted a finger for the county museum, although it could be established at little cost".

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Dr. Jenő Sütő-Nagy, notary and art collector from Sânmartin, later vice-president of the board of directors of the Szekler National Museum, published a two-page article in the Christmas issue of Csíki Lapok in 1912, entitled Csíkvármegye múzeuma (Museum of Ciuc County). In the article, he also argued that the Museum of the County of Ciuc should be established as soon as possible, because there is a great amount of material to be collected in Ciuc, and although omne inicium difficile est, there is no need to shy away from its establishment. Jenő Nagy wanted the museum to be housed in the Palace of Culture to be built in the County of Ciuc. Interestingly, in the same issue of the same newspaper, Jenő Ujfalusi, the mayor of the town at the time, wrote that the museum could be housed in the barracks (Mikó Castle) with appropriate renovation. In that year (1912) a decision was made to build the Palace of Culture, but in 1913 a ministerial decree did not approve the establishment of the institution. The museum was thus put on hold indefinitely, and the First World War and the change of empire intervened.

Under the practical guidance of teacher Pál-Péter Domokos, painter Imre Nagy from Jigodin and teacher Géza Vámszer, with the help of teacher Ferenc Gál and others, the first exhibition of the Szekler Museum of Ciuc, founded by the association of the same name, was finally completed in Șumuleu-Ciuc. In fact, it was through the exhibition of more than 140 religious, fine art and ethnographic objects that the institution was born. József Venczel pointed out that with the exhibition of ecclesiastical and Szekler folk art in Șumuleu-Ciuc, great Szekler plans, including the Szekler Museum of Ciuc, have gained their pillars. The collection of museum objects for the benefit of the Szekler Museum of Ciuc has gradually started. In the first inventory book of the family album, made in the Vákár printing house in Miercurea Ciuc, 310 items were registered.

On the occasion of the museum's foundation, Pál-Péter Domokos said: 'I showed everything that was characteristic of Ciuc.' Géza Vámszer remembers: 'A peculiar feature of this exhibition was that, in addition to the dead objects, in several cases a competent person also showed the process of the work in progress'.

In 1937, the Csíki Lapok still mentions the collection of the Székely Museum, which was then in Șumuleu, but later the collection was in various rooms of the Roman Catholic (now Márton Áron) Gymnasium, and in the attic, and museum activities were suspended.

The Franciscan library, which had previously been nationalised, was handed over to the museum in 1961, giving the museum an invaluable intellectual asset.

Under the directorship of Pál János (1963-1981), in addition to the relocation and restoration works, the number of the museum's collections and the number of its museographers increased significantly, the museum was the venue of numerous exhibitions and events, and last but not least, the Imre Nagy Gallery was established (1972-73).

At the beginning of 1990 the workers elected András Szabó as director. Under the changed conditions, the new management of the museum gave the staff full freedom both in research and in the organisation of public education. A great merit of the first freely elected director was his significant contribution to the abolition of the "county museum complex", so that the institution was given an independent legal personality under the name of "Szekler Museum of Ciuc" and, like the other three small museums, was managed by the local government. Professional contacts were established both at home and abroad, the independent scientific activity of researchers was boosted, and to this day numerous publications, events and exhibitions are associated with the Szekler Museum of Ciuc.

In the summer of 1990, the long building in front of the Mikó Castle was demolished, about which Imre Tivai Nagy wrote in his book "Emlékezés régi csíkiakról" (Remembering the old Ciuc): "In the 1990s, a long building was built in the line of the clock gate in front of the castle, which blocked the view of the old castle and destroyed the original character of the square. Whoever put it there would have earned an unreadable 25 from the local monument commission and the intelligence of Miercurea Ciuc."

Since 2003, under the directorship of Zsolt Gyarmati, the Yearbook of the Szekler Museum of Ciuc is published (2004), the Nagy Imre Gallery in Jigodin is renewed (2006), the storerooms are modernized (from 2010), the Mikó Castle is completely renovated (2011-13), and every year several events are organized (Museum Evenings, Night of Museums, children's camps, film screenings, etc. ), and last but not least, several new permanent exhibitions (e.g. History of the Mikó Castle from 2012, Pace of Time in Ciuc from 2014, At Crossroads from 2018, etc.) and numerous smaller and larger temporary exhibitions (Munkácsy in Transylvania, Tartar Invasion, Csontváry, etc.).